Önceki çalışmaların yetersizlikleri veya zayıflıklarını vurgulamak (ayrıca bkz. Eleştirel Olmak)
Previous studies of X have not dealt with ... Researchers have not treated X in much detail. Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they ...
Such approaches, however, have failed to address … Most studies in the field of X have only focused on ... Previous published studies are limited to local surveys. Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether ...
The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y. Previously published studies on the effect of X are not consistent. Smith’s analysis does not take account of ..., nor does she examine ...
The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y. Most studies of X have only been carried out in a small number of areas. However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature ... The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.
Research on the subject has been mostly restricted to limited comparisons of ... However, few writers have been able to draw on any systematic research into ... Short-term studies such as these do not necessarily show subtle changes over time … Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which ...
However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if ... Recent attempts to understand X (e.g. Smith 1989; Jones 1992) pay too little attention to … The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ... However, all the previous X research was cross-sectional in design. Therefore, it is unclear if …
Although there are many reports in the literature on the outcome of X, most are restricted to ... Some evidence suggests that ..., although further work using X is required to confirm this finding.
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The existing literature on X
Most of the work carried out on X |
fails to … suffers from …
lacks clarity regarding … ignores the possibility that …
has not distinguished between X and Y in a systematic way. |
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Previous studies |
have failed to |
explore consider
take account of |
the impact of … the reasons for … the evidence for …
the ways in which … the contexts in which …
several key aspects of … the variable nature of … other explanations for … the complex nature of … the potential impact of … the social dimension of … the dynamic aspects of ... the underlying causes of … all the possible effects of … demographic factors that ...
the ethical implications of ... the important role played by …
the broader implications of how ... the unique complexities faced by ...
the contextual factors that influence … |
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Previous studies (of X) Most of these studies |
have |
mostly mainly largely typically generally
predominantly |
ignored … examined … focused on … concentrated on …
been concerned with … |
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Previous studies (of X) Most of these studies |
have suffered from |
small sample sizes. low response rates. confounding factors. multiple design flaws. an overemphasis on …
inconsistent definitions. inadequate sample sizes. poorly developed theory. serious sampling problems. experimental design errors. poor case control matching. inadequate research design. a lack of clarity in defining …
a high degree of sampling bias. lack of instrumental sensitivity. considerable design limitations.
the use of poorly matched controls. a paucity of standardised measures.
fundamental flaws in research design. lack of a strong theoretical framework.
an over-reliance on self-report methodology.
a restricted range of methodological approaches. shortcomings in the methods used to select cases. a lack of well-grounded theoretical considerations. |
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Previous studies (of X) Most of these studies |
have suffered from |
certain several serious various notable |
methodological |
flaws. limitations. drawbacks. weaknesses. shortcomings. |
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Previous studies (of X) Most of these studies |
have |
only involved …
only been carried out in … only been undertaken using …
only provided weak evidence for …
been of poor quality.
been limited in a number of ways. been limited to convenience samples.
been limited to a small number of cases. generally been restricted to the analysis of …
mainly been restricted to epidemiological observations. |
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No previous study has |
controlled for …
been large enough to … completely eliminated … distinguished between … provided information on … addressed the question of … assessed the occurrence of ... used a dynamic measure of … given sufficient consideration to …
employed time-series techniques for …
utilised verbal reports to examine the problem of …
used a method for analysing multiple factors related to … |
Önceki araştırma ya da bilgilere genel olarak referans vermek: negatif sonuçlara dikkat çekmek
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Previous studies have failed to |
find show
demonstrate |
a link between …
any treatment effect.
a correlation between … a connection between …
significant differences in … any convincing evidence of …
a causal relationship between … any support for the X hypothesis.
any significant advantages of using … significant changes in health outcomes. reliable, repeatable therapeutic effects of … |
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Recent studies have
The research to date has |
not been able to |
establish … confirm earlier …
determine whether … show a link between … duplicate these results. reproduce these findings.
replicate these associations. rule out the possibility that … provide robust evidence for …
detect an increase in the risk of … confirm earlier findings showing … |
Eksik, zayıf ya da çelişkili kanıtları belirtmek
Evidence for X has been mixed.
The evidence for X is in fact ambiguous.
There is contradictory evidence as to whether …
To date, there has been no reliable evidence that ...
To date, studies investigating X have produced equivocal results. There is conflicting evidence on the relationship between X and Y.
The evidence that X and Y are associated with Z is weak and inconclusive. Whilst evidence is increasing that …, a consistent empirical picture is missing.
Studies undertaken so far provide conflicting evidence concerning the impact of … However, conflicting results from studies suggest the need for new investigations that …
Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory (Smith, 1996; ...). Some studies have shown the beneficial effects of X, but others have shown a deterioration in …
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To date, (however), there has been |
no little |
clear solid reliable clear-cut scientific definitive empirical
convincing conclusive experimental |
evidence that … |
Çalışma alanındaki bilgi boşluğunu belirlemek
Much less is known about X. It is still not known whether …
The nature of X remains unclear. Currently, there are no data on … What is less clear is the nature of …
Very little is currently known about X in ... Research to date has not yet determined … What is not yet clear is the impact of X on ... There is still uncertainty, however, whether … The response of X to Y is not fully understood. Causal factors leading to X remain speculative.
The neurobiological basis of X is poorly understood. Little is known about X and it is not clear what factors ...
To date, only a limited number of Xs have been identified. The mechanisms that underpin X are not fully understood.
Much uncertainty still exists about the relationship between ...
Our understanding of how X influences Y is notably underdeveloped.
The potential impacts of X have not previously been analysed and quantified.
This indicates a need to understand the various perceptions of X that exist among …
It is now well established that … However, the influence of X on Y has remained unclear.
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However, |
what is not yet |
clear known understood |
is whether … is the role of …
is the effect of … is the nature of …
is the importance of … is the extent to which … is the degree to which …
is the actual proportion of … are the different stages of … are the circumstances that …
is the actual relationship between …
is the relative importance of the factors that ... |
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What remains |
unclear unknown |
(, however,) |
is why … is how …
is precisely how …
is to what degree there exists …
is how different species are distributed in …
is how such policies and practices affect the …
is whether these two systems interact.
is whether the two conditions are related.
is whether this finding is a true representation.
is whether these two factors operate independently. |
|
However, |
(exactly) how |
X affects Y X inhibits Y X develops X is formed X acquires Y
X damages Y X produces Y X increases Y X influences Y
X benefits from Y X contributes to Y |
remains unclear.
remains poorly understood.
is (still) not yet fully understood. |
|
The extent to which |
X affects Y X inhibits Y
X applies to Y X influences Y X moderates Y X determines Y
X is related to Y X plays a role in Y X benefits from Y
X contributes to Y X changes during …
X presents a risk to Y X corresponds with Y
X may be attributed to Y
X has been successful in … X can be extrapolated to …
the problem of X is facilitated by Y these findings have wider relevance lack of X is causally associated with Y |
is (still) remains |
unclear. unknown. unexplored.
poorly understood. |
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However, |
several
a number of |
key further critical essential additional important interesting unresolved
unanswered fundamental |
questions remain about |
the role of … the nature of … the effects of …
the aftermath of … the treatment for … the development of … |
